Biology Form 4

First of all, see... I'm so good.

Chapter 2
1. Choloroplast
- Green
- absorb sunlight for photosynthesis
- Most common in palisade mesophyll cells
2. Mitochondria
- Produce ATP and energy
- For cellular respiration
- Most common in the middle piece of sperm cell to SWIM
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth & Rough
- Smooth is to produce lipids, no protein
- Rough is to synthesis extracellular enzyme (protiens), serve as a transport thingy, got ribosomes stuck to it, near the nucleus

Chapter 3
1. Characteristic of plasma membrane
- Semipremeable
- made of phopolipids, carrier & pore proteins and some carbs
- it controls materials that move in and out (determines composition of cytoplasm)
- can be replace by visking tube for experiment
- allows water in
2. Carrier proteins
- Uses ATP
- Has binding sites
- Only for specific molecules
- Active transport (Absorb minerals in roots)
3. Pore proteins
- Is to speed up the rate of ions moving across the plasma membrane
- K, Na, Ca and Cl ions
- Facillitated diffusion (Like in your villus)
4. Osmosis
- you know la, repeat so many times edi..
- Intake of water in roots.
5. Simple Diffusion
- Gas exchange in your bola bola aveoli in the lungs that keep you breathing.

Chapter 5
1. Meiosis
- Meiosis I and II
- For sexual reproduction
- Produce haploid from diploid cells (n and 2n)
- Has 2 nuclear divisions
2. Meiosis I
- Chromatids remain connected
- Only the homo chromosomes are seperated cause they are homo
- Cross over occurs
- 2n becomes n here
3. Meiosis II
- Just like MITOSIS
- Chromatids are seperated (ouch!)
4. The phases
- Papa-Prophase-Papa mama rguing so the chromatin condense
- Mama-Metaphase-Babies line up at center
- Always-Anaphase- Babies are seperated, pull to sides
- Together-Telophase-Papa mama break up jor~

Chapter 6 (everyone favorite chapter, lalala~)
1. Unbalance Diet
- Gastritis (diet la, diet more la!)
- Anorexia Nervose (the skinny one)
- Obesity (eat laaa, eat somemore!!)
- Bulimia (this one kia si lang wan, vomit!)
- Constipation (Woo! You can't shit!)
*Read the rest yourself

Chapter 7
1. Gaseous exchange (FISH)
- Fishy~ uses gills, 4 pairs of gills under the operculum supported by a body arch
- 1 Gills- 2 Gill filament- Folded gill lamella (like your villus kua)
- In the LAMElla, thin walls, filled with blood capi, folded to increase surface area
- Blood flows in the opposite direction the water flows and vice versa (countercurrent exchange)
2. Gaseous exchange in YOU
- Nose-Trachea-Brochus-Lungs-Bolabola Aveoli-Blood Capi
- Know your bolabola aveoli characteristic (surface area, moist and stuff)
3. How your blood transport the gasses
- Oxygen: 98% oxyhaemoglobin, 2% plasma
- CO2: 70% bicarbonate ions, 23% carboxihaemoglobin, 7% plasma

Chapter 8 (si beh long chapter)
1. Energy flow in food chain and pyramid stuff
- teach me this one, I dunno
2. Colonisation and Succession in Ponds
- Submerge plants(very small)-Floating plants(very cute)-Amphibian plants(small)-Terrestrial plants(big)

Chapter 9 (last one jor!!)
1. Green colour effect
- CO2 absorbs the heat that is suppose to go out into space
- That's why hotter la
- Andden results in global warming
- Causes melthing of ice and increase in sea level
- Sea level increase edi then Singapore gone edi
- Wind direction and rain fall also will change
- Temp increase causing droughts, less crop yield and land dryness, not fertile
2. Ozone say byebye, sobness
- Ozone is to shield UV (ultraviolet radiation) away from the earth
- Too bad it cannot replenish by itself
- CFC (cholorofluorocarbon) is the bad guy
- CFC is found in aerosol cans, cooling agent in airconds and fridge, making of polysterence box
- Ozone gone edi will cause the temp to increase
- Then the climate will change
- The UV also damage crops and chlorophyll
- No chlorophyll then no photosynthesis
- No photosynthesis then you know what happen la
- Other than that, also cause skin cancer, cataract and weaken our immune system

That's all for form 4! Hehe. These are basics.